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Temperature Conversion Formulas Explained
Every temperature scale conversion reduces to a simple linear formula. Here's exactly how each one works.
Worked Example: 20°C to Fahrenheit
Oven Temperature, Gas Mark & Air Fryer Conversion Guide
British recipes use Gas Mark, American recipes use Fahrenheit, and most of the world bakes in Celsius. Here's how they line up.
| Gas Mark | Celsius | Fahrenheit | Oven Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| ¼ | 110°C | 225°F | Very cool |
| ½ | 120°C | 250°F | Very cool |
| 1 | 140°C | 275°F | Cool |
| 2 | 150°C | 300°F | Cool |
| 3 | 160°C | 325°F | Warm |
| 4 | 180°C | 350°F | Moderate (most common) |
| 5 | 190°C | 375°F | Moderately hot |
| 6 | 200°C | 400°F | Hot |
| 7 | 220°C | 425°F | Hot |
| 8 | 230°C | 450°F | Very hot |
| 9 | 240°C | 475°F | Very hot |
Fan / Convection Oven Adjustment
Fan-forced (convection) ovens circulate hot air and typically run about 20°C (35°F) hotter than a conventional oven at the same dial setting. If a recipe was written for a conventional oven and you're using a fan oven, lower the temperature by 20°C (35°F) — our Cooking mode above does this automatically.
Converting an Oven Recipe for an Air Fryer
Air fryers cook faster because a small fan circulates hot air tightly around the food. The general rule: reduce the oven temperature by about 25°F (roughly 15°C) and start checking for doneness 20-25% earlier than the original oven time.
Body Temperature & Fever Ranges by Age
General reference ranges for oral temperature readings. Actual clinical thresholds can vary by measurement method and individual baseline.
| Category | Celsius | Fahrenheit |
|---|---|---|
| Hypothermia | Below 35.0°C | Below 95.0°F |
| Below normal | 35.0–36.0°C | 95.0–96.8°F |
| Normal range | 36.1–37.2°C | 97.0–99.0°F |
| Low-grade fever | 37.3–38.0°C | 99.1–100.4°F |
| Fever | 38.1–39.4°C | 100.5–103.0°F |
| High fever | 39.5–41.0°C | 103.1–105.8°F |
| Medical emergency | Above 41.0°C | Above 105.8°F |
Infants Under 3 Months Are Different
For babies under 3 months old, any rectal reading at or above 38.0°C (100.4°F) is generally treated as a reason to contact a clinician the same day, even if the baby otherwise seems well — this age group doesn't follow the general adult scale above.
Measurement Method Matters
Rectal and ear readings tend to run slightly higher than oral readings, while armpit readings tend to run slightly lower — often by around 0.3-0.5°C (0.5-1°F). Our Body & Fever mode factors this in when classifying a reading.
This information is for general reference only and is not medical advice. If you're concerned about a fever, a very low reading, or any other symptom, contact a doctor or healthcare provider.
Common Temperature Conversions
| Description | Celsius | Fahrenheit | Kelvin |
|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute zero | -273.15°C | -459.67°F | 0 K |
| Water freezes | 0°C | 32°F | 273.15 K |
| Room temperature | 20°C | 68°F | 293.15 K |
| Average body temperature | 37°C | 98.6°F | 310.15 K |
| Water boils (sea level) | 100°C | 212°F | 373.15 K |
| Moderate oven (Gas Mark 4) | 180°C | 356°F | 453.15 K |
Temperature Converter — Frequently Asked Questions
Common questions about scale conversions, oven/gas mark settings, and body temperature readings.